Day 2 :
Keynote Forum
Joseph N.Aziz
Anatomy Department,Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Egypt
Keynote: Morphological Study of the Foramen Transversarium of the Atlas Vertebra among Egyptian Population and Its Clinical Significance
Time : 9:30 - 9:55
Biography:
Joseph N.Aziz is a leading expert in gross and clinical anatomy education. He is contributing to the teaching and assessment of human gross and clinical anatomy and embryology at all levels. He completed his MD at School of Medicine, Cairo University. In 2009; he has selected by Military Medical Academy as leading Clinical Anatomist for Education Committee and member of the Court Examiners for the High Schools of Nurses. He was appointed in several academic positions both national and international. At that time, he is an active member of many international societies of Anatomy as American association of clinical anatomy (AACA) and Anatomical society of Great Britain and Ireland (AS). He has served as a member on several scientific journal Editorial Boards and panel of reviewer of many journal in the field of anatomy. rn His research interest is involving the field of the clinical anatomy. Interests in clinical anatomy become the key stone of his teaching strategy using modern imaging techniques (CT- scan, MRI and Ultrasound). He is continuing to develop momentum in this research area and have published and presented regularly on this topic at international scientific conferences.rn
Abstract:
Back ground: Foramina transversaria are characteristic bony features of the cervical vertebra, they are located on the transverse process of cervical vertebrae. These foramina are of anatomical importance as they provide bony passages for several anatomical structures namely vertebral artery, vertebral vein and sympathetic nerves. They have known to exhibit variations with regard to size, shape and may even absent, incomplete or duplicated. The objective: This study aim to investigate the morphology and variations of foramina transversaria of the human atlas vertebrae and to point out the clinical importance of these variations. Material and Methods: 135 atlas vertebrae of Egyptian origin were studied. They were available in the dissecting room of the anatomy department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. Each vertebra was studied morphologically for the presence of various shapes of foramen transversarium, presence or absences of any morphological anomaly like accessory foramen or incomplete foramen. Results: Four shapes were noted. Type 1 (rounded) was predominant 54.1%, type 2 (oval) less prominent 29.6%, type 3 (irregular) 10.4% and type 4 (quadrangular) 5.8%. Double foramina were founded in 23 vertebras, incomplete foramina in 9 vertebras and accessory incomplete foramina were seen in 12 vertebras. Conclusion: The morphological knowledge of this type of variation is clinically important because the course of the vertebral artery may be distorted in such condition. It may be compressed leading to some neurological symptoms or even hearing disturbances. Also, the knowledge of this type of variation is important for the neurosurgeon during posterior surgical approaches of cervical spine. It is also useful for radiologist during CT and MRI scan.
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Location: Holiday Inn Birmingham City Centre, Birmingham, UK
Session Introduction
Akshay Kumar
University of Bristol, UK
Title: Role of embryonic hypoxia and effect of prolyl-hydroxyrase inhibitors in development of craniofacial structures
Time : 10:00-10:35
Biography:
Akshay Kumar has completed his BSc in University of Bristol.
Abstract:
During embryogenesis, neural crest cells (NCCs) arise from the neural tube by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and differentiate into various cell types. In the cranial region, many NCCs contribute towards facial bones and cartilages, providing the skeletal basis for mandibular and neck structures. A deficit of cranial NCCs results in congenital craniofacial hypoplasia such as Treacher Collins syndrome. In adult tissue hypoxia, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) permits cell adaptation to a hypoxic environment by promoting angiogenesis and anaerobic glycolysis, thus aiding tissue recovery. In the normoxic condition, on the other hand, HIF-1α is readily degraded via oxygen-dependent prolyl-hydroxyrases (PHDs). Because of this, chemical compounds that stabilize HIF-1α, such as PHD inhibitors, are used for stroke and heart attack therapies. Other functions of HIF-1α include promotion of EMT and metastasis in tumor and up-regulation of chondrogenesis, both of which are promoted in hypoxic microenvironment. Given that embryos are naturally hypoxic; my group has recently shown that induction of NCCs by EMT is up-regulated by HIF-1α-stabilising PHD inhibitors in chick embryos cultured ex ovo and in ovo. We currently investigate the effect of PHD inhibitors at later stages of embryogenesis, as to whether specific cell fate is particularly increased and whether there is any negative impact on the development of other structures. W found advanced development in some cartilage structures such as bony labyrinth, presumably due to hyperplasia caused by the increase of EMT and promoted chondrogenesis by PHD inhibitors. This is currently under detailed investigation.
Yogesh Kumar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
Title: Do traditional practical examination needs to be replaced by objective structured practical examination: A study
Biography:
Yogesh Kumar has completed his MBBS in 2003 and MD in 2007 from LLRM Medical College, India. He is currently working as Assistant Professor at Department of Physiology, AIIMS Patna. His area of interest is Neurophysiology and is currently working on projects involving recognition of emotions through EEG and to develop non-pharmacological interventions to treat various epileptic disorders. He is actively involved in teaching medical graduates and has published many papers in various reputed journals.
Abstract:
We all have been assessing students through various kinds of exams. A single method of evaluation does not fulfill all the purpose of exams. Objective structured practical examination (OSPE) is gradually replacing traditional methods of practical examination. Present study was done to evaluate how reliable these OSPE are in assessing various practical skills. This study was conducted at Department of Physiology, AIIMS Patna. Sixty eight students participated in the study. During the second terminal Physiology practical examination all students were made to rotate through four OSPE stations. Two were skill stations where students performed the experiment in front of an observer, who used a checklist to give scores. Immediately following the skill station next was knowledge station where students have to answer questions related to skill performed at previous station. Uniform time of five minutes was allotted to each station. At the end of the objective structured practical examination, the students filled a feedback-form having ten questions. Performance of students in OSPE was compared with traditional practical examination (TPE) scores by using “Bland- Altman techniqueâ€. Performance of seventy two percent student’s scores obtained in OSPE and TPE were within range of acceptable anticipated difference in scores of 8. Twenty one percent scored much below that while 7% got marks much above the anticipated difference in scores. Feedback obtained from students indicated that students like OSPE over TPE and found it to be reliable, effective, useful and challenging. If properly planned OSPE gives equal opportunity to all students and results in better skill development in students.
G Attarzadeh-Yazdi
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Title: Molecular mechanisms of the analgesic effect of alpha 2 adrenergic agonists
Biography:
G Attarzadeh-Yazdi is a PhD student and Researcher in Physiology department, Hormozgan University of Medical Science, Iran.
Abstract:
Pain is an issue that millions of people worldwide are suffering from and today lots of money is spent for its treatment. It has been shown that Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists have main role in analgesia. Also, it has been shown that potassium channels play an important role in the analgesic mechanism of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists. The aim of this study was investigating the role of specific potassium channel (large conductance calcium and voltage-activated potassium channels, BK) in analgesia induced by alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists. For this purpose, in the present study, 56 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were selected and divided into 7 groups. The groups are, 1: Intraperitoneal injection (IP) of Normal Salin 1 ml/kg; 2: IP injection of Clonidine 0.7 mg/kg; 3: IP injection of Yohimbine 1 mg/kg; 4: IP injection of Yohimbine 1 mg/kg then Clonidine (IP with dose 0.7 mg/kg); 5: Intracranial (ICV) of Yohimbine 5 μg/kg; 6: ICV injection of Yohimbine 1 mg/kg then Clonidine 0.7 mg/kg; 7: ICV injection of Iberiotoxin 100 nm then Clonidine (IP with dose 0.7 mg/kg). Saline and DMSO was used as solvent. Chronic pain was checked by using formalin test (Subsutaneous, SC, injection of formalin with dose of 2%). Our results showed that IP injection clonidine reduced chronic pain. The results also showed that injection of IP and ICV of Yohimbine as Alpha-2 adrerenrgic antagonist can block the analgeisa induced by clonidine (p<0.001). Then, it showed that Alpha-2 adrenergic has main role in pain induced by clonidine. Iberiotoxin, as BK channel Blocker, showed analgesia affects on chronic pain and it can affected by clonidine (p<0.001). The results showed that Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist causes analgesia in animals and this effect can be reversed by using Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors antagonists (Yohimbine). Results showed that Alpha-2 Adrenergic receptors have specific role in analgesia. To find out the molecular mechanism of Alpha-2 Adrenergic receptors our data, with using BK potassium channels, revealed that the Bk channels are one of the mechanism of Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors for inducing pain.
Eteudo A N
Ebonyi State University-Abakaliki Federal Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Title: The sonographic measurement of renal dimensions and its correlation with anthropometric variables in apparently healthy adults in Abakaliki
Biography:
Eteudo A N is currently acting as Head of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ebonyi State University in Nigeria, West Africa. He is also Adjunct Lecturer and External Examiner to several medical schools within the country. He has a PhD degree in Anatomy and has over 30 papers in reputed journals and more than 25 conference papers presented. He is member of Society of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy of Nigeria, Anatomical Society of West Africa and Association of Medical Education in Europe. His area of research is sonographic anatomy, forensic and physical anthropology.
Abstract:
A prospective observational study was conducted in Ebonyi State University Abakaliki. Renal dimensions were sonographically measured in (640 males and 520 females), between 18 and 36 years of age. The anthropometric variables that included age, weight, height, were measured with body mass index (BMI) calculated. The means of right kidney length and left kidney length were 10.4±0.7 cm and 10.9±0.7 cm respectively. Also the means of right kidney with and left kidney width were 4.4±0.4 cm and 4.7±0.3 cm respectively. It also shows a means age of 21.8±2.6 years, mean height of 169.2±8.5, mean weight of 62.1±10.2 kg, the means body mass index (BMI) of 21.7±3.4 kg/m2. It was generally observed that there was a significant difference between the right and left kidney dimensions. The left kidney was longer and wider than the right kidney. There was a significant positive correlation between height and weight. There was also a significant positive correlation between age, body mass index (BMI) and renal dimensions, but with the exception of left kidney width where there was no correlation. The left kidney is significantly longer and wider than the right kidney and the kidneys in males are longer and wider than the kidneys in females. There was a significant positive correlation between renal dimensions and anthropometric variables, but with the exception of age and body mass index (BMI), that have no correlation with the left kidney width.
Afolabi Kamaldeen Kolawole
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria
Title: Effect of organic turmeric supplemented-diet in rabbits acutely exposed to ultraviolet radiation: Oxidative stress in the blood
Biography:
Afolabi Kamaldeen Kolawole has completed his undergraduate program in Physiology from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Nigeria. He has his Post-graduate certificate in Drug Abuse, Prevention and Rehabilitative care. He is presently a Master in Public Health student at Cavendish University Kampala, Uganda. He is a member of American Society of Microbiology and also a member of UNACO.
Abstract:
Background & Aim: This project investigated the oxidative stress in the blood of pubertal rabbit fed diet containing 2% organic turmeric at post recovery from acute ultraviolet radiation, with the aid of three oxidative stress markers: Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Methods: Forty unsexed rabbits with age ranging between 4-6 weeks were weight balanced and randomly divided into eight treatment groups: AM: Male rabbits fed with formulated organic feed without turmeric and without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. AF: Female rabbits fed with formulated organic feed without turmeric and without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. E: Female rabbits fed with commercial feed without turmeric and without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. I: Female rabbits fed with organic feed with turmeric before and after radiation C: Male rabbits fed with organic feed with the turmeric and without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. F: Male rabbits fed formulated organic feed without turmeric before radiation and after radiation turmeric was given. G: Male rabbits exposed to radiation without the inclusion of turmeric in their feed throughout. H: Male rabbits fed formulated organic feed with turmeric before radiation and without turmeric after radiation. Results: MDA mean value obtained in the control treatment for male was not significant (p>0.05) but only numerically higher than that of the treatment G. MDA mean value obtained in the control treatment for female was only numerically higher than that of treatment I. CAT and SOD mean values obtained in treatment G were also only numerically higher than the control treatment in male rabbits. CAT and SOD mean values obtained in treatment I were only numerically higher than the control treatment in female rabbits. Conclusion: The study concluded that the exposure to ultraviolet radiation at the intensity and period in this study did not result in oxidative stress in the blood of pubertal rabbits.
Bijjam Lakshmi Sri Harika Reddy
Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
Title: A brief insight into the implications of hypoglycemia
Biography:
Bijjam Lakshmi Sri Harika Reddy is currently a Medical student at Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao.
Abstract:
This article tries to bring the attention of young researchers to the currently relevant but more ignored field of hypoglycemia. The cause of hypoglycemia fall into two groups according to whether the condition either occur in fasting state (fasting hypoglycemia) or provoked by specific stimuli and which can include reactive hypoglycemia. Causes of fasting hypoglycemia include insulin secreting tumors (insulinomas) and certain other tumors producing insulin like substances, pituitary and adrenal failure, severe liver disease, and glycogen storage disease notably type I (Glucose 6 phosphate deficiency). Except in patients with insulinomas clinical features due to hypoglycemia are rarely the only feature of any of these conditions. The diagnosis of insulinoma depends upon the finding of inappropriately high insulin and C-peptide levels in the blood at the time of when the patient is hypoglycemic. This is demonstrable after an overnight fast, precipitated if necessary by exercise. Provoked test to stimulate insulin secretion are rarely required in patient with an insulinoma. Reactive hypoglycemia may be caused by drugs. Most patients with insulin dependent diabetes experience occasional episodes of hypoglycemia for example, as a result of delayed meal following an insulin injection, an error in insulin dosage or unaccustomed exercise. Oral hypoglycemic drugs (sulphonyl urea) can also cause hypoglycemia. This is more common in patients treated with the longer acting drugs, particularly the elderly, whose capacity to metabolize or excrete drugs may be impaired. Following gastric surgery, rapid transit of food into small intestine may cause inappropriate insulin secretion and lead to hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia may occur following alcohol ingestion and several distinct syndromes of alcohol related hypoglycemia have been described. Alcohol potentiates insulin and drug induced hypoglycemia and may enhance any tendency to post-prandial reactive hypoglycemia. The hypoglycemia that can develop 12–24 hr after alcohol ingestion, particularly in chronic alcoholics is due in part to impairment of gluconeogenesis, but the presence of liver disease, poor nutrition and depletion of hepatic glycogen reserves may also be important. Hypoglycemia is particularly common in neonates who are small for dates and is risk in those born to diabetic mothers. In addition to the conditions described ketotic hypoglycemia may occur in infancy. This is a condition of unknown etiology in which there appears to be a decreased supply of glycogenic substrates. Acutely, hypoglycemia causes clinical features related to increased activity of sympathetic nervous system (sweating, tachycardia) and decreased supply to the central nervous system (paresthesia, fits and coma). These usually respond to administration of glucose. Patients who are chronically hypoglycemic, for example, due to insulinoma, often present with behavioral disturbances or frank psychosis and the acute manifestation of hypoglycemia may be absent.
Ali Abdulla
Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
Title: Alternating two spatial tasks in rats reduces the time taken for learning
Biography:
Ali Abdulla is currently pursuing MD at Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao, USA
Abstract:
Allocentric spatial learning can be assessed using popular spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) tested with T-maze and also using radial arm maze (RAM) tasks. But the SAB testing has been reported to have lack of validity as a measure of retention, especially when used as a measure of short term memory. A more complex dual alternated task was designed to clarify whether increasing novelty and alternation factors in a task will increase or decrease the short term and long term memory in rats. Rats were made to learn both T-maze spontaneous alternation task and RAM task alternatively. Another group of rats were made to learn both the task separately without any alternation. And control group of rats were assigned to learn only one type of task. It was found that the group of rats performing “alternated dual task†could acquire the tasks more easily than the control groups and non-alternated dual task groups. This enhancement of acquisition was associated only with the complex task (RAM task) among the dual tasks. Moreover their retention (memory) ability was very significantly enhanced for both the tasks in dual tasks. It can be concluded that, the principle of “alternated dual task†can be made use when a complex task has to be acquired and learned faster by rats; as alternation with simple task enhances the ability of rats to learn and memorize a complex task more efficiently.
Gulam Anwer Khan
Chitwan Medical College, Nepal
Title: Variation in brachial plexus formation, branching pattern and relation with major vessels
Biography:
Gulam Anwer Khan is a Assistant Professor working as Clinical Anatomist, Researcher, and Lecturer since 2012 in Chitwan Medical College, CMC, Nepal. He obtained his MBBS degree from Islamia University, and MS Clinical Anatomy from Kathmandu University Nepal. He has five years of experience in human anatomy specially teaching gross anatomy, histology, embryology, neuroanatomy, practical class, dissection, problem based learning PBL, traditional system, e-learning and health professions education for different undergraduate and post graduate programs (MBBS/BDS/Nursing/Pharmacy/Public Health/Laboratory Medicine). He is active life time member of Anatomy Society of India ASI and Society of Clinical Anatomist of India SOCA. He attended many conferences and is very keen to pursue research in anatomy. He has few publications in international journals. His recent original first author publication on “Variation in brachial plexus formation, branching pattern and relation with major vessels†has been published Int J Res Med Sci.
Abstract:
Background: Anatomical variations in the formation, branching pattern and relations of the brachial plexus have been described in humans by many authors; however these have not been extensively catalogued. The aim of the study was to describe variations in brachial plexus formation, branching pattern and relation with major vessels. Methods: This study included thorough dissection of 60 brachial plexuses which belonged to 30 cadavers (male: female ratio = 28:02 ) with age range of 20-60 years, obtained from the Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences (CMS-TH), following standard guidelines. Results: Out of 60 limbs dissected in present study, the variation in formation was found in 20 limbs (33.3%), out of which 12 limbs (20%) had variations in the trunk and 8 limbs (13.3%) had variations in the cord, remaining 40 limbs (66.6%) were normal in the formation of brachial plexus. Normal branching pattern of the posterior cord was encountered in 52 (86.67%) limbs, the remaining 8 (13.33%) being variants in one form or the other. The upper subscapular nerve, the thoracodorsal nerve, the lower subscapular nerve and the axillary nerve were found to arise normally in 91.66%, 96.66%, 96.66% and 98.33% of the limbs respectively. Conclusion: The present study carried out on adult human cadavers revealed some rare variations in the formation, branching pattern and relations of the brachial plexus. These variations are of clinical significance for the surgeons, radiologists and the anesthesiologists.