Day 1 :
Keynote Forum
IZNAK Andrey
Mental Health Research Center, Russia
Keynote: Interrelations of the CNS and immune system in pathogenesis and treatment of attack-like Schizophrenia
Time : 10:20-11:10
Biography:
IZNAK Andrey has completed his PhD in Physiology from M V Lomonosov Moscow State University and his DSc in Physiology from the same university. He is a Neurophysiologist, Professor of Physiology and Head of Laboratory of Neurophysiology at Mental Health Research Center (Moscow, Russia). He has published more than 60 papers on sensory and clinical neurophysiology in reputed journals and served as an Editorial Board Member of several reputed journals.
Abstract:
Contemporary views on the role of neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity processes in pathogenesis of schizophrenia, as well as significant medical-social problem of optimization of its treatment, determine the necessity of multidisciplinary approaches for investigation of brain mechanisms of this severe illness. The aim of the present study is to assess the interrelations of the CNS and immune system in patients with attack-like schizophrenia and to reveal the set of neurobiological parameters informative for individual prediction of therapeutic response. Correlation and regression analyses of quantitative clinical scores (by PANSS scale), resting EEG spectral parameters and some immunological parameters have been performed in patients with manic-delusional and hallucinatory-delusional conditions in the frames of attack-like schizophrenia. Neurobiological data obtained before the beginning of syndrome based treatment course (during visit 1) were matched with clinical scores of the same patients at the stage of remission establishment after treatment course (during visit 2). The multiple linear regression equations were created which contained only 3 to 4 (from 80) initial EEG parameters and one of four immunological parameters allowed to predict from 66 to 87 per cent of clinical scores variance after treatment course (during visit 2). The data obtained emphasize the role of neurophysiological inhibition deficit and of processes of neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity in pathogenesis of manic-delusional and hallucinatory-delusional conditions, and may be used practically for objective assessment of severity of patient’s initial clinical state, as well for elaboration of methods of individual prediction of syndrome based treatment efficacy in patients with attack-like schizophrenia.
Biography:
Dr. Praveen Kottath Veetil has completed his PhD from Mahatma Ghandi University in neurophysiology. He is currently the Head of Department of Physiology, at Avalon University School of Medicine. He has published various papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an educator and researcher of repute.
Abstract:
The effects of Catha edulis, as a CNS stimulant have been studied on various aspects, but how C.edulis influence spatial learning and memory is not clear. We hypothesize C.edulis, as it contain amphetamine like substances, will also influence spatial learning and memory. With this aim, a comparative study is conceded using another CNS stimulant, methylphenidate (MPD), an advanced therapeutic for treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Spatial learning and memory was assessed using radial arm maze, by analyzing five dependent measures obtained on every trial: time to complete a trial, latency to first arm entry, number of reference memory errors, and number of working memory correct and incorrect errors. Taken together, our results showed that C.edulis and not MPD fed rats had impaired learning and memory, implicated by increased time to complete a trial. Either C.edulis or MPD increased attention in rats, as in both groups latency to first arm entry was less.rnrnMoreover, C.edulis fed rats were more effected in the working memory component and reference memory was intact, highlighting the significance of restricting the widespread use of C.edulis in humans. Multiple evidences and our findings strongly support the use of MPD as a choice of drug in treatment of ADHD with minimum deterioration on learning and memory, in spite of increasing attention and alertness. However, considering differential action of C.edulis and MPD on neurotransmitter systems of brain, more studies are requested for the effect of C.edulis on neurotransmitters in hippocampal network.rn
- Human Anatomy and Ergonomics | The Skeleton & Bones | Exercise Physiology and Physiotherapy Human Immunity and Physiology | Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology
Session Introduction
John Sharkey
University of Chester, Ireland
Title: BioTensegrity: A new anatomy for the 21st century?
Biography:
John Sharkey, MSc, BACA, BASES, is a recognised author and authority on the topic of Clinical Anatomy and the treatment of chronic pain. He holds Master's degrees in Clinical Anatomy (BACA), Exercise Physiology (BASES) and is the Programme Leader of the Master’s degree in Neuromuscular Therapy accredited by the University of Chester. He is a member of the Olympic Councils Medical and Science Team. He provides BioTensegrity focused full body Thiel soft fix dissection courses in Dundee University. An International presenter and keynote speaker, he is a member of the Editorial Team of Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (JBMT) and the BioTensegrity Interest Group (B.I.G) under the guidance of his mentor Dr. Stephen Levin.
Abstract:
Bespoke dissections with a Biotensegrity focus are providing a new vision and understanding of the continuity of human form. John Sharkey’s fresh new look at human connective tissue highlights its role in providing continuous tension throughout its network. Biotensegrity is emerging as the most significant development in human anatomy in recent years. This presentation identifies important ramifications for a wide range of medical practitioners including surgeons, bio-engineers and human movement specialists. The term “Tensegrity†was coined by Buckminster Fuller combining the words ‘tension’ and ‘integrity’. Fuller’s student Kenneth Snelson built the first floating compression structure of “tensegrity†in 1949 while Dr Stephen Levin an orthopedic surgeon was the protagonist of “BioTensegrity†in the early 1970’s. As a Clinical Anatomist, he has investigated this model and the role of fascia in his dissections to better understand the mechanisms of human movement and chronic pain while providing new anatomical knowledge and awareness leading to less invasive surgical and non-surgical therapeutic interventions. In this short presentation Clinical Anatomist John Sharkey puts forward an argument for a new focus in medical education concerningthe continuity of human form in the study of anatomy and calls for a change in the Anatomic nomenclature from “soft tissue†to “soft matterâ€.
Biography:
Kapil Sugand (PgCert HBE, BSc, MBBS, MRCS, AICSM) is a London surgical trainee, academic, author, educator, researcher, PhD candidate, entrepreneur, media personality and a philanthropist. He is the co-founder of the Holography-Assisted Medical Learning & E-Teaching (HAMLET) group which led the first augmented reality dynamic holographic lectures in the world. This was featured in international press including BBC News and Wired magazine. His paper on the advancements in anatomy education has been the most downloaded and cited paper of Anatomical Sciences Education since 2010. For all his achievements, his biography was featured in Marquis Who’s Who in the World 2013 encyclopaedia.
Abstract:
Purpose: Didactic medical lectures are unanimously delivered through PowerPoint presentations and have become the gold-standard in practice. To observe the impact of learning using augmented reality dynamic holography (ARDH) compared to gold standard static PowerPoint presentations in didactic lecturing. Methods: A prospective single-blinded randomized controlled non-inferiority trial was conducted with a 100 national medical students randomly allocated to ARDH (n=50) or Powerpoint (n=50) cohorts. Primary outcomes were objective metrics by answering (i) 20 exam questions before and after each modality and (ii) correlating with validated tests on educational theory. Mean scores (SD; 95% CI) were calculated with significance set at p<0.05. Secondary outcomes were subjective metrics on educational impact by (i) answering a 10-point questionnaire on 7-point Likert scales and (ii) 5-minute semi-structured interview. Results of objective testing: 30 (60%) participants completed SBAs in the ARDH group with a 19% improvement from a mean pre-test score was 9.0 (2.6; 95% CI 8.1-9.9) to a mean post-test mean score of 12.8 (2.9; 95% CI 11.6-13.6). In the PowerPoint group, 42 (84%) participants completed the objective testing with an improvement of 16% from a mean pre-test score of 8.8 (3.3; 95% CI 7.7-9.8) to mean post-test score of 12.0 (3.5; 95% CI 11.0-13.1). All scores were significant (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: Dynamic holography has been applied into didactic lecturing for the first time. ARDH was accepted by participantsand wasnon-inferior to the gold standard PowerPoint lectures. ARDH has the added benefit of enhancing the learning experience and educational impact.
Nermien E Waly
Helwan University, Egypt
Title: IL-10 and TGFβ meditates chondroprotective effect of glucosamine in rat model of osteoarthritis
Biography:
Nermien E Waly is a Lecturer at the School of Medicine Helwan University. She graduated from Assiut School of Medicine where she got her MBBCh, and Master’s. She earned her PhD from the Biomedical Sciences department, School of Medicine, Creighton University, USA. She did her Post-doctoral studies at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), USA. She has an extensive teaching experience both in the USA and Egypt. Her research is in the neuroscience field particularly circadian research. She is also interested in alternative medication for diseases as well as its impact on homeostatic mechanisms of various physiological functions.
Abstract:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease of the whole joint. Glucosamine (GlcN) treatment may have a chondroprotective effect on OA. We investigate the mechanism of action of glucosamine treatment through Interleukin-10 (Il-10) and transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF β-1). Sixty-three male albino rats were used. A single intra-articular (i.a.) injection of 2 mg of Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA) was injected into the knee joint of anesthetized rats. GlcN (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 2 month) was administered orally. Serum Il-10 and TGF-β1 were determined by ELISA. Histopathological changes in affected joints were examined. Serum level of IL-10 was significantly decreased in OA group compared to the control group (P value < 0.0001). On the other hand, the mean serum level of IL-10 was significantly increased in GlcN treated groups when compared to OA group (P value < 0.0001). Serum level of TGF β-1 was significantly elevated in OA group compared to the control group (P value < 0.0001). On the other hand, the mean serum level of TGF β-1 was significantly decreased in GlcN treated groups when compared to OA group (P value < 0.0001). Histopathological evaluation of Glucosamine treated groups showed different grades of healing according to Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grading system. Our results show that GlcN exerts its chondroprotective effects via the stimulation of IL-10 production and Inhibition TGFβ1. Both Serum biomarkers can be a used as a tool for the follow up of articular cartilage damage in the clinical setting.
Mohammed Alkatan
University of Texas at Austin, USA
Title: Improving upper and lower body strength after swimming and cycling training in patients with osteoarthritis
Biography:
Mohammed Alkatan has completed his PhD from University of Texas at Austin. He is an Assistant Professor at Public Authority for Applied Education & Training - Department of Physical Education & Sports. He has published more than 10 papers in reputed journals.
Abstract:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability in older adults and is associated with muscle weakness. Aerobic exercise is widely recommended for patients with OA, but OA and its associated joint pain act as a significant barrier for performing a variety of basic daily activity such as walking. Swimming can be an ideal form of exercise for patients with OA as it includes minimum weight-bearing stress. However, no study has investigated if swimming exercise improves muscle strength in patients with OA. We compared the effects of swimming exercise and cycling exercise on upper and lower body strength using a standard grip strength dynamometer and isokinetic knee flexor and extensor strengths at an angular velocity of 60 degrees/sec using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Forty-eight patients with OA were randomly assigned to swimming (n=24, age=59±8 yr) or cycling (n=24, age=61±4 yr) training groups. Supervised exercise was performed for 45 min/day for 3 days/week at 60-70% heart rate reserve for 12 weeks. After 12-weeks of exercise training, average left and right arms body strength increased significantly after both swimming (20.4±1 vs. 21.0±1 kg) and cycling (22.3±1 vs. 23.8±1 kg) training (both p<0.05). Average isokinetic knee flexor strength increased significantly after swimming (42±3 vs. 50±3 Nm, p<0.05) and cycling training (41±5 vs. 42±4 Nm). Average isokinetic knee extensor strength increased significantly after swimming (60±4 vs. 69±4 Nm, p<0.05) and cycling training (60±4 vs. 68±4 Nm). In conclusion, both swimming and cycling exercise training interventions improved body strength in older adults with OA.
Beth McMurchie
Loughborough University, UK
Title: Forensic anthropometry from fingerprints- A collaboration between chemistry and design
Biography:
Beth McMurchie is in the first year of her PhD at Loughborough University. Her PhD is collaboration between the Department of Chemistry and Loughborough Design School under the supervision of Dr. Paul Kelly and Dr. George Torrens from their respective departments. Before this, she completed her MChem degree in Forensic and Investigative Chemistry at the University of East Anglia.
Abstract:
Fingerprints are widely used for both criminal investigation and personal identification and there is currently a lot of research being undertaken aiming to improve the clarity of detail in fingerprints. However, the research within which this ongoing study is based is focusing on a different aspect of fingerprinting, intending to give a quick and reliable method of identifying the physical characteristics of an individual from a latent fingerprint. This research aims to define the relationship and the significance of any relationship found, between a fingerprint and the stature of the individual who deposited it. To identify how statistically significant the relationship between fingerprint size and physical size is a study involving approximately 200 participants is being performed which builds on previous anthropometric and biometric studies. The ethics approved protocol for the study involves taking anthropometric measurements of height and weight from each participant to a standard convention. Each participant is asked to wash or wipe their hands before arrival and to limit variables further, temperature and humidity in the test area is kept to ambient conditions. The temperature of the skin on each participant’s fingertip is also recorded. Using a bespoke finger compliance meter, which is able to apply a fixed force to each participant’s fingertip, a photograph of the standardized fingerprint of each participant is collected. The initial post- processed results of this study provide a favorable indication as to the viability of this form of biometric analysis applied in the field of identification.
Hind Alzahrani
University of Nottingham, UK
Title: Continuous beat to beat monitoring the cardiovascular parameters in response to autonomic stress tests
Biography:
Hind Alzahrani is a PhD student at University of Nottingham, UK.
Abstract:
Study Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a method of assessing cardiovascular function (heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), blood pressure (BP)) in response to deep breathing, standing maneuver and handgrip exercise at 60% of MVC, using a Finometer. Subjects: Twenty subjects (10 males and 10 females) were healthy, young mean age 24.4 years males and 26.7 years females, non-obese mean±SD of BMI was 23.4±7.4, 22.8±4.5 males and females respectively. Methods: Beat to beat heart rate and blood pressure variability were monitored during deep breathing test, posture change to standing position and handgrip exercise using a Finometer. This involves a finger cuff pressure which placed in the middle left finger and arm cuff pressure on the upper left arm. Then, automatic calibration was made followed by recording of baseline measurements for 3 minutes, and then physiological maneuvers were performed starting with deep breathing (2 minutes), standing (2 mniutes) and handgrip exercise at 60% of MVC (1 minute). This event separated by time for recovery. Results: A significant increased and decreased in cardiovascular parameter during inspiration and expiration in both gender respectively (p<0.05). Orthostatic maneuver caused a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure and cardiac output whereas HR (p<0.05) and DBP (P>0.05) increased in both genders. Cardiovascular parameters showed a significant increased during handgrip exercise at 40% and 60% of MVC whereas 20% of MVC had no significant changes of cardiovascular parameters. Discussion: The cardiovascular changes during inspiration and expiration caused a stimulation or inhibition of pulmonary stretch receptors respectively; this was accompanied with changes of abdominal and intra-thoracic pressures. It was confirmed in the study that a significant reduction of the parameters during inspiration and increased during expiration was completely driven by parasympathetic nervous system. Posture maneuver causes blood pooling to the lower part of the body resulting in decreasing in cardiac output and venous return which stimulated the sympathetic and inhibited parasympathetic nervous system which causes an increases of heart rate to maintain a reduction of blood pressure. A significant increase of cardiovascular parameters during handgrip exercise resulted from a stimulation of sympathetic discharge and inhibition of vagal tone as well as peripheral reflexes which originated from exercising muscle. Gender differences responses were observed which might related to several factors such as body-size, muscle mass and sex hormone. Overall, a variability of cardiovascular parameters during physiological maneuvers reflected the integrity and effectiveness of neuro-cardiovascular control. In the future study, the patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy will be involved and therefore developed a method to evaluate the autonomic disorders.
Jacklynn Walters
Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Title: Tuberculosis and visceral rib lesions in the Kirsten skeletal collection
Time : 16:05-16:40
Biography:
Jacklynn Walters has completed her Hons BSc degree at Stellenbosch University and is currently busy with her MSc. She has published three papers in peer reviewed journals and was first author of one of these. She has also presented her work at the annual conference of the Anatomical Society of Southern Africa (ASSA: 2014, 2016), academic year day of Stellenbosch University (Faculty Medicine and Health Sciences) (2015) and the International Conference of Macroscopic and Microscopic Anatomy (ICMMA: 2015).
Abstract:
Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis can be investigated after death by examination of skeletal material. Visceral rib lesions (VRL) can result from inflammation of the adjacent pleura caused by lung diseases and have specifically been associated with pulmonary tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate VRL in the Kirsten Skeletal Collection and relate it to the documented cause of death (COD). Ribs from skeletons (n=300, male/female ratio=2/1) were examined macroscopically using a magnifying lamp. Three population groups representative of the Western Cape were compared in this study: Black (n=47), mixed race (n=209) and White (n=43). The rib number and region of each VRL was documented. Rib lesions occurred in 29.33% of skeletons with the black (31.91%) and mixed (33.97%) population groups having statistically significant higher prevalence than the white (4.65%) group. Of skeletons with tuberculosis as a COD, 58.06% showed VRL, while 47.83% of skeletons with pneumonia showed VRL. The most commonly affected ribs were the right ribs 4-8. The vertebral region was the most common site for VRL. Previous studies have found differences in prevalence of VRL with some suggesting a higher prevalence in tuberculosis than non-tuberculous pulmonary diseases. The present study, however, illustrated a similar prevalence for both Tuberculosis and Pneumonia. The distribution of VRL in the present study was similar as previous studies. To conclude, the extent to which VRL can be used as a diagnosis criterion for Tuberculosis in skeletons is still uncertain and more research is required to improve interpretation of VRL.
Suzan Sirinturk
Ege University, Turkey
Title: Study of the frontal hairline patterns for hairline design and hairline restoration
Biography:
Suzan Sirinturk was graduated from Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University in 2012. She studied at the Department of Medical Genetics between 2009 and 2011 for a part-time internship program. She is now a Research Assistant at the Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty of Ege University in her second year, studying for PhD degree.
Abstract:
Hair transplantation has been a highly effective technique in reducing wide foreheads and recontouring the hairline. Creating a natural hairline is one of the most important elements in hair transplant. This study discusses the need to design a natural hairline. Standard photographs of the forehead region were obtained from two hundred Turkish young adults. The hairline contours were classified into five groups as round, M-shaped, rectangular, bell shaped and triangular shapes. Measurements of forehead region such as height of the forehead, width of the forehead and supra-orbital region were calculated as reference points. In women and men; the average height of the forehead was 58.3±6.6 mm, 61.4±9.7 mm; average width of the forehead was 129±14.4 mm, 137.1±18 mm and average of supra-orbital region was 125.3±13.5 mm, 133.9±15.9 mm, respectively. The incidence of hairline shapes was seen as round (28%, 27%), M-shaped (19%, 46%), rectangular (30%, 31%), bell-shaped (5%, 4%), and triangular (18%, 2%). There were significant gender differences in the aesthetic rankings of hairline contours. Compared with women, both of the measured average forehead reference lengths displayed a significantly greater value in men. Our results clearly showed a sex difference in the predominant type of shape; the M shape was most common and the triangular type was poorly classified in men, whereas the rectangular hairline was the most common type in women.
- Latest innovations in embryology and pregnancy research | Physiological Psychology & Neuro-biology Organ science and Hematologic system | Forensic Anatomy | Anatomy and Physiology of other various Biological systems | Musculo Skeletal system
Location: Holiday Inn Birmingham City Centre, Birmingham, UK
Session Introduction
Akshay Kumar
University of Bristol, UK
Title: Role of embryonic hypoxia and effect of prolyl-hydroxyrase inhibitors in development of craniofacial structures
Time : 10:00-10:35
Biography:
Akshay Kumar has completed his BSc in University of Bristol.
Abstract:
During embryogenesis, neural crest cells (NCCs) arise from the neural tube by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and differentiate into various cell types. In the cranial region, many NCCs contribute towards facial bones and cartilages, providing the skeletal basis for mandibular and neck structures. A deficit of cranial NCCs results in congenital craniofacial hypoplasia such as Treacher Collins syndrome. In adult tissue hypoxia, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) permits cell adaptation to a hypoxic environment by promoting angiogenesis and anaerobic glycolysis, thus aiding tissue recovery. In the normoxic condition, on the other hand, HIF-1α is readily degraded via oxygen-dependent prolyl-hydroxyrases (PHDs). Because of this, chemical compounds that stabilize HIF-1α, such as PHD inhibitors, are used for stroke and heart attack therapies. Other functions of HIF-1α include promotion of EMT and metastasis in tumor and up-regulation of chondrogenesis, both of which are promoted in hypoxic microenvironment. Given that embryos are naturally hypoxic; my group has recently shown that induction of NCCs by EMT is up-regulated by HIF-1α-stabilising PHD inhibitors in chick embryos cultured ex ovo and in ovo. We currently investigate the effect of PHD inhibitors at later stages of embryogenesis, as to whether specific cell fate is particularly increased and whether there is any negative impact on the development of other structures. W found advanced development in some cartilage structures such as bony labyrinth, presumably due to hyperplasia caused by the increase of EMT and promoted chondrogenesis by PHD inhibitors. This is currently under detailed investigation.
Yogesh Kumar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
Title: Do traditional practical examination needs to be replaced by objective structured practical examination: A study
Biography:
Yogesh Kumar has completed his MBBS in 2003 and MD in 2007 from LLRM Medical College, India. He is currently working as Assistant Professor at Department of Physiology, AIIMS Patna. His area of interest is Neurophysiology and is currently working on projects involving recognition of emotions through EEG and to develop non-pharmacological interventions to treat various epileptic disorders. He is actively involved in teaching medical graduates and has published many papers in various reputed journals.
Abstract:
We all have been assessing students through various kinds of exams. A single method of evaluation does not fulfill all the purpose of exams. Objective structured practical examination (OSPE) is gradually replacing traditional methods of practical examination. Present study was done to evaluate how reliable these OSPE are in assessing various practical skills. This study was conducted at Department of Physiology, AIIMS Patna. Sixty eight students participated in the study. During the second terminal Physiology practical examination all students were made to rotate through four OSPE stations. Two were skill stations where students performed the experiment in front of an observer, who used a checklist to give scores. Immediately following the skill station next was knowledge station where students have to answer questions related to skill performed at previous station. Uniform time of five minutes was allotted to each station. At the end of the objective structured practical examination, the students filled a feedback-form having ten questions. Performance of students in OSPE was compared with traditional practical examination (TPE) scores by using “Bland- Altman techniqueâ€. Performance of seventy two percent student’s scores obtained in OSPE and TPE were within range of acceptable anticipated difference in scores of 8. Twenty one percent scored much below that while 7% got marks much above the anticipated difference in scores. Feedback obtained from students indicated that students like OSPE over TPE and found it to be reliable, effective, useful and challenging. If properly planned OSPE gives equal opportunity to all students and results in better skill development in students.
G Attarzadeh-Yazdi
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Title: Molecular mechanisms of the analgesic effect of alpha 2 adrenergic agonists
Biography:
G Attarzadeh-Yazdi is a PhD student and Researcher in Physiology department, Hormozgan University of Medical Science, Iran.
Abstract:
Pain is an issue that millions of people worldwide are suffering from and today lots of money is spent for its treatment. It has been shown that Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists have main role in analgesia. Also, it has been shown that potassium channels play an important role in the analgesic mechanism of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists. The aim of this study was investigating the role of specific potassium channel (large conductance calcium and voltage-activated potassium channels, BK) in analgesia induced by alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists. For this purpose, in the present study, 56 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were selected and divided into 7 groups. The groups are, 1: Intraperitoneal injection (IP) of Normal Salin 1 ml/kg; 2: IP injection of Clonidine 0.7 mg/kg; 3: IP injection of Yohimbine 1 mg/kg; 4: IP injection of Yohimbine 1 mg/kg then Clonidine (IP with dose 0.7 mg/kg); 5: Intracranial (ICV) of Yohimbine 5 μg/kg; 6: ICV injection of Yohimbine 1 mg/kg then Clonidine 0.7 mg/kg; 7: ICV injection of Iberiotoxin 100 nm then Clonidine (IP with dose 0.7 mg/kg). Saline and DMSO was used as solvent. Chronic pain was checked by using formalin test (Subsutaneous, SC, injection of formalin with dose of 2%). Our results showed that IP injection clonidine reduced chronic pain. The results also showed that injection of IP and ICV of Yohimbine as Alpha-2 adrerenrgic antagonist can block the analgeisa induced by clonidine (p<0.001). Then, it showed that Alpha-2 adrenergic has main role in pain induced by clonidine. Iberiotoxin, as BK channel Blocker, showed analgesia affects on chronic pain and it can affected by clonidine (p<0.001). The results showed that Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist causes analgesia in animals and this effect can be reversed by using Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors antagonists (Yohimbine). Results showed that Alpha-2 Adrenergic receptors have specific role in analgesia. To find out the molecular mechanism of Alpha-2 Adrenergic receptors our data, with using BK potassium channels, revealed that the Bk channels are one of the mechanism of Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors for inducing pain.
Eteudo A N
Ebonyi State University-Abakaliki Federal Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
Title: The sonographic measurement of renal dimensions and its correlation with anthropometric variables in apparently healthy adults in Abakaliki
Biography:
Eteudo A N is currently acting as Head of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ebonyi State University in Nigeria, West Africa. He is also Adjunct Lecturer and External Examiner to several medical schools within the country. He has a PhD degree in Anatomy and has over 30 papers in reputed journals and more than 25 conference papers presented. He is member of Society of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy of Nigeria, Anatomical Society of West Africa and Association of Medical Education in Europe. His area of research is sonographic anatomy, forensic and physical anthropology.
Abstract:
A prospective observational study was conducted in Ebonyi State University Abakaliki. Renal dimensions were sonographically measured in (640 males and 520 females), between 18 and 36 years of age. The anthropometric variables that included age, weight, height, were measured with body mass index (BMI) calculated. The means of right kidney length and left kidney length were 10.4±0.7 cm and 10.9±0.7 cm respectively. Also the means of right kidney with and left kidney width were 4.4±0.4 cm and 4.7±0.3 cm respectively. It also shows a means age of 21.8±2.6 years, mean height of 169.2±8.5, mean weight of 62.1±10.2 kg, the means body mass index (BMI) of 21.7±3.4 kg/m2. It was generally observed that there was a significant difference between the right and left kidney dimensions. The left kidney was longer and wider than the right kidney. There was a significant positive correlation between height and weight. There was also a significant positive correlation between age, body mass index (BMI) and renal dimensions, but with the exception of left kidney width where there was no correlation. The left kidney is significantly longer and wider than the right kidney and the kidneys in males are longer and wider than the kidneys in females. There was a significant positive correlation between renal dimensions and anthropometric variables, but with the exception of age and body mass index (BMI), that have no correlation with the left kidney width.
Afolabi Kamaldeen Kolawole
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria
Title: Effect of organic turmeric supplemented-diet in rabbits acutely exposed to ultraviolet radiation: Oxidative stress in the blood
Biography:
Afolabi Kamaldeen Kolawole has completed his undergraduate program in Physiology from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Nigeria. He has his Post-graduate certificate in Drug Abuse, Prevention and Rehabilitative care. He is presently a Master in Public Health student at Cavendish University Kampala, Uganda. He is a member of American Society of Microbiology and also a member of UNACO.
Abstract:
Background & Aim: This project investigated the oxidative stress in the blood of pubertal rabbit fed diet containing 2% organic turmeric at post recovery from acute ultraviolet radiation, with the aid of three oxidative stress markers: Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Methods: Forty unsexed rabbits with age ranging between 4-6 weeks were weight balanced and randomly divided into eight treatment groups: AM: Male rabbits fed with formulated organic feed without turmeric and without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. AF: Female rabbits fed with formulated organic feed without turmeric and without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. E: Female rabbits fed with commercial feed without turmeric and without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. I: Female rabbits fed with organic feed with turmeric before and after radiation C: Male rabbits fed with organic feed with the turmeric and without exposure to ultraviolet radiation. F: Male rabbits fed formulated organic feed without turmeric before radiation and after radiation turmeric was given. G: Male rabbits exposed to radiation without the inclusion of turmeric in their feed throughout. H: Male rabbits fed formulated organic feed with turmeric before radiation and without turmeric after radiation. Results: MDA mean value obtained in the control treatment for male was not significant (p>0.05) but only numerically higher than that of the treatment G. MDA mean value obtained in the control treatment for female was only numerically higher than that of treatment I. CAT and SOD mean values obtained in treatment G were also only numerically higher than the control treatment in male rabbits. CAT and SOD mean values obtained in treatment I were only numerically higher than the control treatment in female rabbits. Conclusion: The study concluded that the exposure to ultraviolet radiation at the intensity and period in this study did not result in oxidative stress in the blood of pubertal rabbits.
Bijjam Lakshmi Sri Harika Reddy
Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
Title: A brief insight into the implications of hypoglycemia
Biography:
Bijjam Lakshmi Sri Harika Reddy is currently a Medical student at Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao.
Abstract:
This article tries to bring the attention of young researchers to the currently relevant but more ignored field of hypoglycemia. The cause of hypoglycemia fall into two groups according to whether the condition either occur in fasting state (fasting hypoglycemia) or provoked by specific stimuli and which can include reactive hypoglycemia. Causes of fasting hypoglycemia include insulin secreting tumors (insulinomas) and certain other tumors producing insulin like substances, pituitary and adrenal failure, severe liver disease, and glycogen storage disease notably type I (Glucose 6 phosphate deficiency). Except in patients with insulinomas clinical features due to hypoglycemia are rarely the only feature of any of these conditions. The diagnosis of insulinoma depends upon the finding of inappropriately high insulin and C-peptide levels in the blood at the time of when the patient is hypoglycemic. This is demonstrable after an overnight fast, precipitated if necessary by exercise. Provoked test to stimulate insulin secretion are rarely required in patient with an insulinoma. Reactive hypoglycemia may be caused by drugs. Most patients with insulin dependent diabetes experience occasional episodes of hypoglycemia for example, as a result of delayed meal following an insulin injection, an error in insulin dosage or unaccustomed exercise. Oral hypoglycemic drugs (sulphonyl urea) can also cause hypoglycemia. This is more common in patients treated with the longer acting drugs, particularly the elderly, whose capacity to metabolize or excrete drugs may be impaired. Following gastric surgery, rapid transit of food into small intestine may cause inappropriate insulin secretion and lead to hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia may occur following alcohol ingestion and several distinct syndromes of alcohol related hypoglycemia have been described. Alcohol potentiates insulin and drug induced hypoglycemia and may enhance any tendency to post-prandial reactive hypoglycemia. The hypoglycemia that can develop 12–24 hr after alcohol ingestion, particularly in chronic alcoholics is due in part to impairment of gluconeogenesis, but the presence of liver disease, poor nutrition and depletion of hepatic glycogen reserves may also be important. Hypoglycemia is particularly common in neonates who are small for dates and is risk in those born to diabetic mothers. In addition to the conditions described ketotic hypoglycemia may occur in infancy. This is a condition of unknown etiology in which there appears to be a decreased supply of glycogenic substrates. Acutely, hypoglycemia causes clinical features related to increased activity of sympathetic nervous system (sweating, tachycardia) and decreased supply to the central nervous system (paresthesia, fits and coma). These usually respond to administration of glucose. Patients who are chronically hypoglycemic, for example, due to insulinoma, often present with behavioral disturbances or frank psychosis and the acute manifestation of hypoglycemia may be absent.
Ali Abdulla
Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
Title: Alternating two spatial tasks in rats reduces the time taken for learning
Biography:
Ali Abdulla is currently pursuing MD at Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao, USA
Abstract:
Allocentric spatial learning can be assessed using popular spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) tested with T-maze and also using radial arm maze (RAM) tasks. But the SAB testing has been reported to have lack of validity as a measure of retention, especially when used as a measure of short term memory. A more complex dual alternated task was designed to clarify whether increasing novelty and alternation factors in a task will increase or decrease the short term and long term memory in rats. Rats were made to learn both T-maze spontaneous alternation task and RAM task alternatively. Another group of rats were made to learn both the task separately without any alternation. And control group of rats were assigned to learn only one type of task. It was found that the group of rats performing “alternated dual task†could acquire the tasks more easily than the control groups and non-alternated dual task groups. This enhancement of acquisition was associated only with the complex task (RAM task) among the dual tasks. Moreover their retention (memory) ability was very significantly enhanced for both the tasks in dual tasks. It can be concluded that, the principle of “alternated dual task†can be made use when a complex task has to be acquired and learned faster by rats; as alternation with simple task enhances the ability of rats to learn and memorize a complex task more efficiently.
Gulam Anwer Khan
Chitwan Medical College, Nepal
Title: Variation in brachial plexus formation, branching pattern and relation with major vessels
Biography:
Gulam Anwer Khan is a Assistant Professor working as Clinical Anatomist, Researcher, and Lecturer since 2012 in Chitwan Medical College, CMC, Nepal. He obtained his MBBS degree from Islamia University, and MS Clinical Anatomy from Kathmandu University Nepal. He has five years of experience in human anatomy specially teaching gross anatomy, histology, embryology, neuroanatomy, practical class, dissection, problem based learning PBL, traditional system, e-learning and health professions education for different undergraduate and post graduate programs (MBBS/BDS/Nursing/Pharmacy/Public Health/Laboratory Medicine). He is active life time member of Anatomy Society of India ASI and Society of Clinical Anatomist of India SOCA. He attended many conferences and is very keen to pursue research in anatomy. He has few publications in international journals. His recent original first author publication on “Variation in brachial plexus formation, branching pattern and relation with major vessels†has been published Int J Res Med Sci.
Abstract:
Background: Anatomical variations in the formation, branching pattern and relations of the brachial plexus have been described in humans by many authors; however these have not been extensively catalogued. The aim of the study was to describe variations in brachial plexus formation, branching pattern and relation with major vessels. Methods: This study included thorough dissection of 60 brachial plexuses which belonged to 30 cadavers (male: female ratio = 28:02 ) with age range of 20-60 years, obtained from the Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences (CMS-TH), following standard guidelines. Results: Out of 60 limbs dissected in present study, the variation in formation was found in 20 limbs (33.3%), out of which 12 limbs (20%) had variations in the trunk and 8 limbs (13.3%) had variations in the cord, remaining 40 limbs (66.6%) were normal in the formation of brachial plexus. Normal branching pattern of the posterior cord was encountered in 52 (86.67%) limbs, the remaining 8 (13.33%) being variants in one form or the other. The upper subscapular nerve, the thoracodorsal nerve, the lower subscapular nerve and the axillary nerve were found to arise normally in 91.66%, 96.66%, 96.66% and 98.33% of the limbs respectively. Conclusion: The present study carried out on adult human cadavers revealed some rare variations in the formation, branching pattern and relations of the brachial plexus. These variations are of clinical significance for the surgeons, radiologists and the anesthesiologists.